Developmental psychology

Developmental psychology

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Developmental psychology is the scientific study of systematic psychological changes, emotional changes, and perception changes that occur in human beings over the course of their life span. Originally concerned with infants and children, the field has expanded to include adolescence, adult development, aging, and the entire life span. This field examines change across a broad range of topics including motor skills and other psycho-physiological processes; cognitive development involving areas such as problem solving, moral understanding, and conceptual understanding; language acquisition; social, personality, and emotional development; and self-concept and identity formation. 3 major contexts to consider when analysing child psychology are: social context, cultural context, and socioeconomic context. Developmental psychology includes issues such as the extent to which development occurs through the gradual accumulation of knowledge versus stage-like development, or the extent to which children are born with innate mental structures versus learning through experience. Many researchers are interested in the interaction between personal characteristics, the individual's behavior, and environmental factors including social context, and their impact on development; others take a more narrowly-focused approach.
Developmental psychology informs several applied fields, including: educational psychology, child psychopathology, and forensic developmental psychology. Developmental psychology complements several other basic research fields in psychology including social psychology, cognitive psychology, ecological psychology, and comparative psychology.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_psychology

VOCABULARY

Change                 : mengganti                        factor                    : faktor

Perception         : persepsi                            knowledge         : pengetahuan

Cultural                : budaya

QUESTION

1.       What is developmental psychology?

2.       Mention 3 major context when analyzing child psychology?

3.       What is the factor arise the developmental child psychology?

The Different Contexts of Child Psychology

The Different Contexts of Child Psychology

When you think of development, what comes to mind? If you are like most people, you probably think about the internal factors that influence how a child grows, such as genetics and personal characteristics. However, development involves much more than the influences that arise from within an individual. Environmental factors such as social relationships and the culture in which we live also play essential roles.

Some of the major contexts that we need to consider in our analysis of child psychology include:

• The Social Context: Relationships with peers and adults have an effect on how children think, learn and develop. Families, schools and peer groups all make up an important part of the social context.

• The Cultural Context: The culture a child lives in contributes a set of values, customs, shared assumptions and ways of living that influence development throughout the lifespan. Culture may play a role in how children relate to their parents, the type of education they receive and the type of child care that is provided.

• The Socioeconomic Context: Social class can also play a major role in child development. Socioeconomic status (often abbreviated as SES), is based upon a number of different factors including how much education people have, how much money they earn, the job they hold and where they live. Children raised in households with a high socioeconomic status tend to have greater access to opportunities, while those from households with lower socioeconomic status may have less access to such things as health care, quality nutrition and education. Such factors can have a major impact on child psychology.

Remember, all three of these contexts are constantly interacting. While a child may have fewer opportunities due to a low socioeconomic status, enriching social relationships and strong cultural ties may help correct this imbalance.

http://psychology.about.com/od/developmentalpsychology/a/child-psychology.htm

VOCABULARY

Class                : kelas              education        : pendidikan

Interacting      : interaksi        relationship     : hubungan

Cultural           : budaya

QUESTION

1. What is the different context of children psychology?
2. What is socioeconomic context
3. Mention some of the major contexts in our analysis of child psychology?

Child Psychology

What Is Child Psychology?

A Brief Overview of Child Psychology

By Kendra Cherry, About.com Guide

Child psychology looks at the many influences on the mind and behavior of children.

Child psychology is one of the many branches of psychology and one of the most frequently studied specialty areas. This particular branch focuses on the mind and behavior of children from prenatal development through adolescence. Child psychology deals not only with how children grow physically, but with their mental, emotional and social development as well.

Historically, children were often viewed simply as smaller versions of adults. When Jean Piaget suggested that children actually think differently than adults, Albert Einstein proclaimed that the discovery was "so simple that only a genius could have thought of it."

Today, psychologists recognize that child psychology is unique and complex, but many differ in terms of the unique perspective they take when approaching development. Experts also differ in their responses to some of the bigger questions in child psychology, such as whether early experiences matter more than later ones or whether nature or nurture plays a greater role in certain aspects of development.

http://psychology.about.com/od/developmentalpsychology/a/child-psychology.htm

VOCABULARY

Child                : anak                          greater            : sambutan/penyambutan

Emotional        : emosi                         experience       : pengalaman

Take                : mengambil

QUESTION

1. What is the children psychology?
2. What disturb the children psychology?
3. What is the background arise the children psychology?

Gestalt Psychology

Gestalt

Main article: Gestalt psychology

 According to Wolfgang Kohler, Max Wertheimer and Kurt Koffka co-founded the school of Gestalt psychology. This approach is based upon the idea that individuals experience things as unified wholes. This approach to psychology began in Germany and Austria during the late 19th century in response to the molecular approach of structuralism. Rather than breaking down thoughts and behavior to their smallest element, the Gestalt position maintains that the whole of experience is important, and the whole is different than the sum of its parts.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology

VOCABULARY

According            : menurut                            different              : perbedaan

Important           : penting                              century                : abad

Experience         : pengalaman

QUESTION

1. What is the gesalt approach?
2. Where this approach begin?
3. Why this approach used in psychology?

Humanistic Psychology

Humanism

Main article: Humanistic psychology

Humanistic psychology was developed in the 1950s in reaction to both behaviorism and psychoanalysis. By using phenomenology, intersubjectivity, and first-person categories, the humanistic approach sought to glimpse the whole person—not just the fragmented parts of the personality or cognitive functioning.

 Humanism focused on fundamentally and uniquely human issues, such as individual free will, personal growth, self-actualization, self-identity, death, aloneness, freedom, and meaning. The humanistic approach was distinguished by its emphasis on subjective meaning, rejection of determinism, and concern for positive growth rather than pathology.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology

VOCABULARY

Approach            : pendekatan                     individual             : individu

Personal              : perorangan                      parts                      : bagian

Behaviour           : tingkah laku

QUESTION

1. What is humanistic psychology?
2. What is the humanistic approach?
3. What is the humanistic focuse?

Functional psychology

Functionalism

Main article: Functional psychology

Functionalism formed as a reaction to the theories of the structuralist school of thought and was heavily influenced by the work of the American philosopher, scientist, and psychologist William James. James felt that psychology should have practical value, and that psychologists should find out how the mind can function to a person's benefit. In his book, Principles of Psychology, published in 1890, he laid the foundations for many of the questions that psychologists would explore for years to come. Other major functionalist thinkers included John Dewey and Harvey Carr.
Other 19th-century contributors to the field include the German psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus, a pioneer in the experimental study of memory, who developed quantitative models of learning and forgetting at the University of Berlin, and the Russian-Soviet physiologist Ivan Pavlov, who discovered in dogs a learning process that was later termed "classical conditioning" and applied to human beings.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology

VOCABULARY

Reaction          : reaksi                         work    : pekerjaan

Come               : datang                       learn    : belajar

Process            : proses

QUESTION

1. What is the functionalism psychology?
2. Who is a William James?
3. Mention some function about psychology?